Hyoscyamine

Molecule structure of hyoscyamine

Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and a secondary metabolite derived from plants of the Solanaceae family, such as belladonna (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and Datura species. It is a levorotatory isomer of atropine and has significant pharmacological effects.

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Product Detail

Product Name	Hyoscyamine
CAS No.	101-31-5
Catalog	ALKS101315
Molecular Weight	289.375
Molecular Formula	C17H23NO3
Purity	≥ 98%
Appearance	Colorless needle-like crystals
Application	Used for content determination, identification, pharmacological experiments, activity screening, etc.
Storage	Refrigerate at 4 °C, seal tightly, and avoid light (valid for 2 years under this condition)

Mechanism of Action

Hyoscyamine primarily acts as an anticholinergic agent, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Here's a detailed explanation of its mechanism:

Muscarinic Receptor Antagonism

Hyoscyamine binds to muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) and prevents acetylcholine from binding. These receptors are found in various tissues including the central nervous system, smooth muscles, and secretory glands.

Inhibition of Parasympathetic Nervous System

By blocking acetylcholine, hyoscyamine inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to reduced smooth muscle contractions, decreased secretions (saliva, gastric, bronchial), and pupil dilation (mydriasis).

Central Nervous System Effects

Hyoscyamine can cross the blood-brain barrier, causing central nervous system effects such as sedation, excitation, or delirium, depending on the dose.

Applications of Hyoscyamine

Hyoscyamine has several medical applications due to its anticholinergic properties:

Gastrointestinal Disorders: It is used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, and other conditions involving intestinal spasms. By reducing smooth muscle spasms, it helps alleviate abdominal pain and discomfort.
Urinary Disorders: Hyoscyamine is prescribed to relieve bladder and ureteral spasms, which can help in conditions like interstitial cystitis or overactive bladder.
Respiratory Disorders: It can be used to reduce secretions and spasms in respiratory conditions, though this is less common.
Parkinson's Disease: Sometimes used as an adjunct therapy to reduce tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease due to its central anticholinergic effects.
Preoperative Medication: It is used to reduce salivary, bronchial, and gastric secretions before surgery.

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